1.
What
is “semiotics?”
To study semiosis, which is signs
in human and non-human elements, can also been seen as a cultural science.
Seeing signs and texts in mass media formats
2.
What
is the “semiosphere” and how it can be both liberating and constraining.
Regulates and enhances human
cognition in tandem, people born in already fixed systems will understand their
environment and determine how they understand whats happening around them.
Which can constrain them to their culture, but liberating becayse they can
provide resources where the people can construct new signs and systems at their
own will. Mass communication plays a big role in this.
3.
What
is the “semiotic law of media?”
as the
media change, so too do the sign systems of culture 1950’s it was a large
discipline
4.
The
author sees the 1938 Radio Broadcast “War of the Worlds” as a “simulacrum.”
What does he mean by that?
Where media can twist reality and
people are so invested that they can get the two mixed up. His radio show was
about aliens in New Jersey, and people actually started to panic! Well educated
people could tell the difference better
5.
What
did Paul Lazarfeld discover in a 1956 study on media and elections? What is
“Flow Theory,” and why was the 1960 election different?
He discovered that people will
only take from the media what agrees with their mindet already, and it had
virtually no effect on elections. The two step flow is when media starts with
an opinion leader and then goes to the group members in 1960 people who
listened to Kennedy and Nixon on the radio thought Nixon won, but people who
watched it on TV thought Kennedy did because of the way he presented himself. Visual
media has a large effect on people and their opinions
6.
Describe
McLuhan’s idea of the “mediashpere.”
he idea
of mediation, or the notion that media influence texts and other aspectsaditional religious sphere in shaping
signification
7.
According
to Roland Barthes, how can a photograph have CONNOTATIVE meaning? What is
“textual pastiche?”
It can have connotation by where
it is placed, what the caption lends, and where it is on the page or book where
it is being shown. Mix things together using ideas and things from other texts
8.
What
is the “culture industry?” What forces does Chomsky identify as shaping factors
on media production?
"churning
out popular texts for instant consumption"same way that factories churn out products. Government
has a impact on what is shown across media
9.
Stuart
Hall identified three possible “readings” to a cultural media text. Describe
them.
Preferred
reading
is the one that the makers intended to convey with their text. A
Negotiated
reading
is the one that involves some negotiation or compromise with
the
text’s intended meaning. An Oppositional is when the meaning is the opposite of what the audience thought.
oppositional reading is one that is in opposition to
what the makers of the text ha
10. What is “markedness?”
Which version of an idea stands
for everyone or just one type, they showed the example of calling all tourist
in the male form, and when saying tourist in the female form it is specially
referring to a female
11. Roland Barthes held that all
texts have denotative (linguistic) and connotative (rhetorical) power. Explain.
When someone sees something as a
denotative they see what the actual meaning is, but on another level when it
comes to connotative they will have an unconscious meaning of the object.
12. Name some evidence of
Levi-Strauss’ idea of "mythic opposition" in Star Wars.
Where Luke is dealing with his father being a villain
13. How would Mikhail
Bakhtin describe and explain the antics of outrageous celebrities in modern
media?
That
celebrities make a name for themselves with how they present themselves and
portray themselves to their viewers. Some of it is just for show, while at other times they are
passionate in what they are doing. It is a modern day “media carnival” famous
people go against the flow of society and they go against tradition
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